Product Description
Product: Effiel tower stub axle for agricultural machines 13.4T 1571X
| Product Parameters | ||||||||||||||||
| Reference | square | Studs (qty/Ø) | PCD | Bearings | Axle load | Max.Overhang | Technical data | |||||||||
| A | B | 25-30km/h | 40km/h | 60km/h | L | L’ | C | E | F | |||||||
| mm | mm | mm | 1 Axle | 2 Axles | 1 Axle | 2 Axles | 1 Axle | 2 Axles | mm | mm | mm | mm | ||||
| 354F | 35 | 4/14 x 1,5 | 85 | 130 | 35714-35716 | 1000 | – | 900 | – | – | – | 200 | – | 164 | 56 | 35 |
| 404F | 40 | 4/14 x 1,5 | 85 | 130 | 35715-35717 | 1500 | – | 1350 | – | – | – | 200 | – | 164 | 64 | 42 |
| 405F | 40 | 5/16 x 1,5 | 94 | 140 | 35715-35717 | 1500 | – | 1350 | – | – | – | 200 | – | 173 | 64 | 52 |
| 404A | 40 | 4/14 x 1,5 | 85 | 130 | 35715-35717 | 1500 | 1200 | 1350 | 1125 | – | – | 200 | – | 164 | 65 | 45 |
| 454A | 45 | 4/14 x 1,5 | 85 | 130 | 35715-35718 | 2000 | 1650 | 1800 | 1500 | 1500 | 1400 | 210 | – | 165 | 79 | 37 |
| 455A | 45 | 5/16 x 1,5 | 94 | 140 | 35715-35718 | 2000 | 1650 | 1800 | 1550 | 1500 | 1400 | 210 | – | 169 | 79 | 37 |
| 504F | 50 | 4/14 x 1,5 | 85 | 130 | 35715-35719 | 3000 | – | 2700 | – | – | – | 180 | – | 172 | 65 | 52 |
| 505F | 50 | 5/16 x 1,5 | 94 | 140 | 35715-35719 | 3000 | – | 2700 | – | – | – | 180 | – | 172 | 65 | 52 |
| 505A | 50 | 5/16 x 1,5 | 94 | 140 | 35716-35719 | 3000 | 2500 | 2700 | 2250 | 2250 | 2100 | 180 | – | 168 | 86 | 47 |
| 506A | 50 | 6/18 x 1,5 | 160 | 205 | 35716-35719 | 3000 | 2500 | 2700 | 2250 | 2250 | 2100 | 180 | – | 240 | 83 | 52 |
| 606XR | 60 | 6/18 x 1,5 | 160 | 205 | 35718-35711 | 5000 | 4150 | 4500 | 4000 | 3750 | 3500 | 190 | 290 | 240 | 91 | 52 |
| 706X | 70 | 6/18 x 1,5 | 160 | 205 | 35719-35713 | 6500 | 5400 | 5850 | 4900 | 4875 | 4550 | 230 | 330 | 260 | 115 | 37 |
| 806X | 80 | 6/18 x 1,5 | 160 | 205 | 32211-35715 | 9100 | 7900 | 8200 | 7500 | 7500 | 6800 | 250 | 350 | 255 | 132 | 52 |
| 808X | 80 | 8/18 x 1,5 | 220 | 275 | 32211-35715 | 9100 | 7900 | 8200 | 7500 | 7500 | 6800 | 250 | 350 | 324 | 132 | 55 |
| 906X | 90 | 6/18 x 1,5 | 160 | 205 | 32211-32017 | 10000 | 8650 | 9000 | 8200 | 8200 | 7500 | 310 | 410 | 255 | 132 | 55 |
| 908X | 90 | 8/18 x 1,5 | 220 | 275 | 32211-32017 | 10000 | 8650 | 9000 | 8200 | 8200 | 7500 | 310 | 410 | 324 | 132 | 55 |
| 908XR | 90 | 8/18 x 1,5 | 220 | 275 | 32217-32217 | 11200 | 9750 | 15710 | 9200 | 9200 | 8400 | 290 | 390 | 325 | 131 | 74 |
| 910XR | 90 | 10/22 x 1,5 | 280 | 335 | 32217-32217 | 11200 | 9750 | 15710 | 9200 | 9200 | 8400 | 290 | 390 | 380 | 131 | 74 |
| 1008X | 100 | 8/18 x 1,5 | 220 | 275 | 32217-32217 | 13400 | 11600 | 12000 | 11000 | 11000 | 10000 | 320 | 420 | 325 | 131 | 74 |
| 1571X | 100 | 10/22 x 1,5 | 280 | 335 | 32217-32217 | 13400 | 11600 | 12000 | 11000 | 11000 | 10000 | 320 | 420 | 380 | 131 | 74 |
| 1571XR | 100 | 10/22 x 1,5 | 280 | 335 | 32219-32219 | 14500 | 12600 | 13000 | 11800 | 11800 | 10800 | 300 | 400 | 380 | 147 | 88 |
| 1110X | 110 | 10/22 x 1,5 | 280 | 335 | 32219-32219 | 14500 | 12600 | 13000 | 11800 | 11800 | 10800 | 400 | 500 | 380 | 147 | 88 |
| 1210X | 120 | 10/22 x 1,5 | 280 | 335 | 32219-32219 | 15000 | 13000 | 13500 | 13000 | 13000 | 11250 | 490 | 590 | 380 | 147 | 88 |
| 1510X (1) | 150 | 10/22 x 1,5 | 280 | 335 | 32219-32219 | 15000 | 13000 | 13500 | 13000 | 13000 | 11250 | 500 | 600 | 380 | 147 | 88 |
FAQ:
Q. Are you manufacturer? What is the aim of your company?
A. Yes. CZPT Asia has been producing agricultural and industrial axles and suspensions since the year 2006. Our aim is to
provide only high quality Axles and Suspensions with accesories to global clients but with competitive prices.
Q. Where is your factory?
A. We are located in HangZhou, ZheJiang , China. Welcome to visit us.
Q. How many years have you been in this business line?
A. We have 20 years experience for production of Agricultural and Industrial products, Our products are enjoying good reputation
from more than 20 countries.
Q. What is your brand?
A. ROC is our own brand, CZPT Asia is affiliated to the France CZPT Group (Est. 1971), it is a whole-owned subsidiary
company of France CZPT Group in China.
Q. Can you accept OEM ?
A. Yes, OEM is acceptable, We can sell products without ROC logo.
Q. How do you ensure the quality?
A. We have strict QC process:
1) Before production, Check strictly the raw material quality.
2) During the half production, We check the finished product quality.
3) Before shipment, We test every product and check defects. Any products with defects won’t be loaded.
More details, Please check with our sales team.
Q. What about your M.O.Q ?
A. Our minimum order value is USD500. For smaller order, please check particularly with our sales team.
Q. What is the lead time?
A. Within 40 days for 40ft container. Within 30 days for 20ft container.
Q. What about your payment terms?
A. We accept various terms, including T/T , L/C , Western Union, etc. /* January 22, 2571 19:08:37 */!function(){function s(e,r){var a,o={};try{e&&e.split(“,”).forEach(function(e,t){e&&(a=e.match(/(.*?):(.*)$/))&&1
| After-sales Service: | Yes |
|---|---|
| Condition: | New |
| Axle Number: | According to Requiremts |
| Application: | Trailer |
| Certification: | ASTM, CE, DIN, ISO |
| Material: | Steel |
| Samples: |
US$ 50/Set
1 Set(Min.Order) | |
|---|
| Customization: |
Available
| Customized Request |
|---|
What are the key differences between live axles and dead axles in vehicle design?
In vehicle design, live axles and dead axles are two different types of axle configurations with distinct characteristics and functions. Here’s a detailed explanation of the key differences between live axles and dead axles:
Live Axles:
A live axle, also known as a solid axle or beam axle, is a type of axle where the wheels on both ends of the axle are connected and rotate together as a single unit. Here are the key features and characteristics of live axles:
- Connected Wheel Movement: In a live axle configuration, the wheels on both ends of the axle are linked together, meaning that any movement or forces applied to one wheel will directly affect the other wheel. This connection provides equal power distribution and torque to both wheels, making it suitable for off-road and heavy-duty applications where maximum traction is required.
- Simple Design: Live axles have a relatively simple design, consisting of a solid beam that connects the wheels. This simplicity makes them durable and capable of withstanding heavy loads and rough terrains.
- Weight and Cost: Live axles tend to be heavier and bulkier compared to other axle configurations, which can impact the overall weight and fuel efficiency of the vehicle. Additionally, the manufacturing and maintenance costs of live axles can be lower due to their simpler design.
- Suspension: In most cases, live axles are used in conjunction with leaf spring or coil spring suspensions. The axle is typically mounted to the vehicle’s chassis using leaf springs or control arms, allowing the axle to move vertically to absorb bumps and provide a smoother ride.
- Off-road Capability: Live axles are commonly used in off-road vehicles, trucks, and heavy-duty applications due to their robustness, durability, and ability to deliver power to both wheels simultaneously, enhancing traction and off-road performance.
Dead Axles:
A dead axle, also known as a dummy axle or non-driven axle, is a type of axle that does not transmit power to the wheels. It is primarily used to provide support and stability to the vehicle. Here are the key features and characteristics of dead axles:
- Independent Wheel Movement: In a dead axle configuration, each wheel operates independently, meaning that the movement or forces applied to one wheel will not affect the other wheel. Each wheel is responsible for its own power delivery and traction.
- Weight Distribution: Dead axles are often used to distribute the weight of the vehicle more evenly, especially in cases where heavy loads need to be carried. By adding an extra axle without driving capability, the weight can be distributed over a larger area, reducing the load on other axles and improving stability.
- Steering: Dead axles are commonly used as front axles in vehicles with rear-wheel drive configurations. They provide support for the front wheels and allow for steering control. The steering is typically achieved through a separate mechanism, such as a steering linkage or a steering gear.
- Reduced Complexity: Dead axles are simpler in design compared to live axles since they do not have the additional components required for power transmission. This simplicity can lead to lower manufacturing and maintenance costs.
- Efficiency and Maneuverability: Dead axles are often used in vehicles where power delivery to all wheels is not necessary, such as trailers, certain types of buses, and some light-duty vehicles. By eliminating the power transmission components, these vehicles can achieve better fuel efficiency and improved maneuverability.
It’s important to note that the choice between live axles and dead axles depends on the specific application, vehicle type, and desired performance characteristics. Vehicle manufacturers consider factors such as load capacity, traction requirements, off-road capability, cost, and fuel efficiency when determining the appropriate axle configuration for a particular vehicle model.
What is the difference between front and rear axles in a typical vehicle?
In a typical vehicle, there are distinct differences between the front and rear axles due to their respective roles and functions. Here are the key differences:
- Position:
- Steering:
- Driving:
- Suspension:
- Load Distribution:
- Driving Characteristics:
The main difference between the front and rear axles is their position in the vehicle. The front axle is located in the front of the vehicle, while the rear axle is positioned at the rear. This positioning is determined by the vehicle’s drivetrain configuration.
The front axle is responsible for steering the vehicle. It is connected to the steering system, allowing the driver to control the direction of the vehicle. The front axle typically includes components such as steering knuckles, tie rods, and steering linkages.
The rear axle is primarily responsible for driving the vehicle’s wheels. It receives power from the engine through the transmission or differential and transfers that power to the rear wheels. The rear axle may include components such as axle shafts, differential gears, and wheel hubs.
Both the front and rear axles play a role in the vehicle’s suspension system, but their configurations and functions differ. The front axle typically incorporates suspension components such as control arms, struts, or independent suspension systems to provide better handling, stability, and ride comfort. The rear axle may have a solid axle setup or independent suspension depending on the vehicle’s design.
The load distribution on the front and rear axles varies. In a typical vehicle, the front axle carries the weight of the engine, transmission, and a portion of the vehicle’s weight due to the front-end weight bias. The rear axle bears the weight of the vehicle’s occupants, cargo, and a portion of the vehicle’s weight. This distribution helps maintain proper balance and stability during acceleration, braking, and cornering.
The differences between the front and rear axles can influence the vehicle’s driving characteristics. The front axle’s role in steering affects the vehicle’s maneuverability and responsiveness. The rear axle’s responsibility for driving the wheels affects traction, acceleration, and stability, particularly in rear-wheel drive or four-wheel drive vehicles.
It’s important to note that the specific configurations and characteristics of front and rear axles can vary depending on the vehicle’s make, model, and drivetrain system. Different types of vehicles, such as front-wheel drive, rear-wheel drive, or all-wheel drive, may have variations in axle design and functionality.
Understanding the differences between the front and rear axles is essential for proper maintenance, repairs, and modifications of the vehicle’s drivetrain and suspension systems. If you have specific questions about your vehicle’s axles, it’s recommended to consult your vehicle’s owner’s manual or seek advice from qualified mechanics or automotive professionals.
What are the factors to consider when choosing an axle for a custom-built vehicle?
Choosing the right axle for a custom-built vehicle is crucial for ensuring optimal performance, durability, and safety. Here are several key factors to consider when selecting an axle for a custom-built vehicle:
- Vehicle Type and Intended Use:
- Axle Type:
- Weight Capacity:
- Axle Ratio:
- Braking System Compatibility:
- Suspension Compatibility:
- Aftermarket Support:
- Budget:
Consider the type of vehicle you are building and its intended use. Factors such as vehicle weight, power output, terrain (on-road or off-road), towing capacity, and payload requirements will influence the axle selection. Off-road vehicles may require axles with higher strength and durability, while performance-oriented vehicles may benefit from axles that can handle increased power and torque.
Choose the appropriate axle type based on your vehicle’s drivetrain configuration. Common axle types include solid axles (live axles) and independent axles. Solid axles are often used in heavy-duty applications and off-road vehicles due to their robustness and ability to handle high loads. Independent axles offer improved ride quality and handling characteristics but may have lower load-carrying capacities.
Determine the required weight capacity of the axle based on the vehicle’s weight and intended payload. It’s crucial to select an axle that can handle the anticipated loads without exceeding its weight rating. Consider factors such as cargo, passengers, and accessories that may contribute to the overall weight.
Choose an axle ratio that matches your vehicle’s powertrain and desired performance characteristics. The axle ratio affects the torque multiplication between the engine and wheels, influencing acceleration, towing capability, and fuel efficiency. Higher axle ratios provide more torque multiplication for improved low-end power but may sacrifice top-end speed.
Ensure that the chosen axle is compatible with your vehicle’s braking system. Consider factors such as the axle’s mounting provisions for brake calipers, rotor size compatibility, and the need for an anti-lock braking system (ABS) if required.
Consider the compatibility of the chosen axle with your vehicle’s suspension system. Factors such as axle mounting points, suspension geometry, and overall ride height should be taken into account. Ensure that the axle can be properly integrated with your chosen suspension components and that it provides sufficient ground clearance for your specific application.
Consider the availability of aftermarket support for the chosen axle. This includes access to replacement parts, upgrade options, and technical expertise. A robust aftermarket support network can be beneficial for future maintenance, repairs, and customization needs.
Set a realistic budget for the axle selection, keeping in mind that high-performance or specialized axles may come at a higher cost. Balance your requirements with your budget to find the best axle option that meets your needs without exceeding your financial limitations.
When choosing an axle for a custom-built vehicle, it’s recommended to consult with knowledgeable professionals, experienced builders, or reputable axle manufacturers. They can provide valuable guidance, assist in understanding technical specifications, and help you select the most suitable axle for your specific custom vehicle project.
editor by CX 2024-03-07
China Good quality Hot Sale Fruit Jam Machines / Fruit Pulp Machine with Free Design Custom
Product Description
Hot Sale Fruit Pulp Machine / Fruit Jam Machines
1. Machine introduction of Hot Sale Fruit Pulp Machine / Fruit Jam Machines:
Model introduction
M DJ 1 – 2.5 Beating machine
When handling ability 2.5 t/(tomatoes)
Single channel (2 for the word, 3 to 3)
Beating machine
Get rid of nuclear (without “M” for the general Hollander) Scope of application and characteristics:
DJ beater is suitable for tomatoes after crushing, kiwi, strawberry, apple, pear, and after pre-cooking softening of haw, jujube and other fruit beating separation. MDJ type to nuclear pulper not only conforms to the applicable scope of the DJ pulper, and suitable for all kinds of CZPT fruit to nuclear beating separation.
Features: 1, automatic slag slurry separation.
2, can be combined on the production line and single machine production.
3, contact with the material of parts with high quality stainless steel, meet the food hygiene.
The main structure (see diagram)
1. transmission 2. spigot shaft 3. axle bed 1. transmission 2. spigot shaft 3. axle bed
4. Back cover barrel 5. Feeding blade 6. Body 4. Back cover barrel 5. Blocking pulp tray 6. Body
7. Spline shaft 8. Screen cloth 9. Beating bar 7.Spline shaft 8.Screen cloth 9.Adjustable seat
10Slag blade 11The cover of a barrel 12Rack 10Scraper 11The cover of a barrel 12Rack
Structure introduction of Fruit Pulp Machine
1,Fruit Pulp Machine:Single channel denucleation:For denucleate structure, designed to denucleate use;
2,Fruit Pulp Machine:Double channels denucleation:Structure and to the first line of the nuclear structure of single channel pulper, the name of the second structure is beating structure, beating role;
3,Fruit Pulp Machine:Double channels beater:Each structure and single channel beater.
4,Fruit Pulp Machine:Double channels denucleation beater:First channel is the same with single channels denucleation beater no increase in single channel pulper rotor structure., The second channel has the same structure with single channel beater.
5,Fruit Pulp Machine:Three channels beater:Each structure and the structure of single channel beater.
6,Fruit Pulp Machine:The specific structure:With reference to single pulper and dao to nuclear beater
2.Machine Photos:
4.Contact Information:
If you need further information, please contact us freely, we will do our best to cooperate
with you.
The Benefits of Spline Couplings for Disc Brake Mounting Interfaces
Spline couplings are commonly used for securing disc brake mounting interfaces. Spline couplings are often used in high-performance vehicles, aeronautics, and many other applications. However, the mechanical benefits of splines are not immediately obvious. Listed below are the benefits of spline couplings. We’ll discuss what these advantages mean for you. Read on to discover how these couplings work.
Disc brake mounting interfaces are splined
There are 2 common disc brake mounting interfaces – splined and six-bolt. Splined rotors fit on splined hubs; six-bolt rotors will need an adapter to fit on six-bolt hubs. The six-bolt method is easier to maintain and may be preferred by many cyclists. If you’re thinking of installing a disc brake system, it is important to know how to choose the right splined and center lock interfaces.
Aerospace applications
The splines used for spline coupling in aircraft are highly complex. While some previous researches have addressed the design of splines, few publications have tackled the problem of misaligned spline coupling. Nevertheless, the accurate results we obtained were obtained using dedicated simulation tools, which are not commercially available. Nevertheless, such tools can provide a useful reference for our approach. It would be beneficial if designers could use simple tools for evaluating contact pressure peaks. Our analytical approach makes it possible to find answers to such questions.
The design of a spline coupling for aerospace applications must be accurate to minimize weight and prevent failure mechanisms. In addition to weight reduction, it is necessary to minimize fretting fatigue. The pressure distribution on the spline coupling teeth is a significant factor in determining its fretting fatigue. Therefore, we use analytical and experimental methods to examine the contact pressure distribution in the axial direction of spline couplings.
The teeth of a spline coupling can be categorized by the type of engagement they provide. This study investigates the position of resultant contact forces in the teeth of a spline coupling when applied to pitch diameter. Using FEM models, numerical results are generated for nominal and parallel offset misalignments. The axial tooth profile determines the behavior of the coupling component and its ability to resist wear. Angular misalignment is also a concern, causing misalignment.
In order to assess wear damage of a spline coupling, we must take into consideration the impact of fretting on the components. This wear is caused by relative motion between the teeth that engage them. The misalignment may be caused by vibrations, cyclical tooth deflection, or angular misalignment. The result of this analysis may help designers improve their spline coupling designs and develop improved performance.
CZPT polyimide, an abrasion-resistant polymer, is a popular choice for high-temperature spline couplings. This material reduces friction and wear, provides a low friction surface, and has a low wear rate. Furthermore, it offers up to 50 times the life of metal on metal spline connections. For these reasons, it is important to choose the right material for your spline coupling.
High-performance vehicles
A spline coupler is a device used to connect splined shafts. A typical spline coupler resembles a short pipe with splines on either end. There are 2 basic types of spline coupling: single and dual spline. One type attaches to a drive shaft, while the other attaches to the gearbox. While spline couplings are typically used in racing, they’re also used for performance problems.
The key challenge in spline couplings is to determine the optimal dimension of spline joints. This is difficult because no commercial codes allow the simulation of misaligned joints, which can destroy components. This article presents analytical approaches to estimating contact pressures in spline connections. The results are comparable with numerical approaches but require special codes to accurately model the coupling operation. This research highlights several important issues and aims to make the application of spline couplings in high-performance vehicles easier.
The stiffness of spline assemblies can be calculated using tooth-like structures. Such splines can be incorporated into the spline joint to produce global stiffness for torsional vibration analysis. Bearing reactions are calculated for a certain level of misalignment. This information can be used to design bearing dimensions and correct misalignment. There are 3 types of spline couplings.
Major diameter fit splines are made with tightly controlled outside diameters. This close fit provides concentricity transfer from the male to the female spline. The teeth of the male spline usually have chamfered tips and clearance with fillet radii. These splines are often manufactured from billet steel or aluminum. These materials are renowned for their strength and uniform grain created by the forging process. ANSI and DIN design manuals define classes of fit.
Disc brake mounting interfaces
A spline coupling for disc brake mounting interfaces is a type of hub-to-brake-disc mount. It is a highly durable coupling mechanism that reduces heat transfer from the disc to the axle hub. The mounting arrangement also isolates the axle hub from direct contact with the disc. It is also designed to minimize the amount of vehicle downtime and maintenance required to maintain proper alignment.
Disc brakes typically have substantial metal-to-metal contact with axle hub splines. The discs are held in place on the hub by intermediate inserts. This metal-to-metal contact also aids in the transfer of brake heat from the brake disc to the axle hub. Spline coupling for disc brake mounting interfaces comprises a mounting ring that is either a threaded or non-threaded spline.
During drag brake experiments, perforated friction blocks filled with various additive materials are introduced. The materials included include Cu-based powder metallurgy material, a composite material, and a Mn-Cu damping alloy. The filling material affects the braking interface’s wear behavior and friction-induced vibration characteristics. Different filling materials produce different types of wear debris and have different wear evolutions. They also differ in their surface morphology.
Disc brake couplings are usually made of 2 different types. The plain and HD versions are interchangeable. The plain version is the simplest to install, while the HD version has multiple components. The two-piece couplings are often installed at the same time, but with different mounting interfaces. You should make sure to purchase the appropriate coupling for your vehicle. These interfaces are a vital component of your vehicle and must be installed correctly for proper operation.
Disc brakes use disc-to-hub elements that help locate the forces and displace them to the rim. These elements are typically made of stainless steel, which increases the cost of manufacturing the disc brake mounting interface. Despite their benefits, however, the high braking force loads they endure are hard on the materials. Moreover, excessive heat transferred to the intermediate elements can adversely affect the fatigue life and long-term strength of the brake system.
China best Professional Milling Machines CNC Parts From Qingdao, China with high quality
Product Description
China Professional milling machines CNC Parts From HangZhou,China
A.Processing Method:
CNC machining, turning, milling, drilling, grinding, broaching, welding and assembly.
B.Products Available
bolts, screws, nuts, rivets, Heatsink, shafts(axles, spline shafts, dart shafts),gears (pinions, wheels ) bearing, LED light-fixture, auto parts, electronic parts, valve,pump parts,sprocket wheels etc.
C.Advantage
1. Competitive price with good quality
2. Low MOQ (200pcs is even acceptable in some special conditions)
3. Short lead time (7-30days according to order qty)
4. Customized size and spec /OEM available
D.Materials Available
1. Stainless Steel: SS201, SS303, SS304, SS316 etc.
2. Carbon Steel: AISI 1045, 9SMnPb28 etc
3. Brass:C36000 (C26800), C37700 (HPb59), C38500(HPb58), C27200(CuZn37), C28000(CuZn40) etc.
4. Bronze: C51000, C52100, C54400, etc.
5. Iron: grey iron and ductile iron
6. Aluminum: 6061, 6063,7075,5052 etc.
E.Package
suitable for sea and air transportation or as required
F.Small orders accepted
How to Calculate Stiffness, Centering Force, Wear and Fatigue Failure of Spline Couplings
There are various types of spline couplings. These couplings have several important properties. These properties are: Stiffness, Involute splines, Misalignment, Wear and fatigue failure. To understand how these characteristics relate to spline couplings, read this article. It will give you the necessary knowledge to determine which type of coupling best suits your needs. Keeping in mind that spline couplings are usually spherical in shape, they are made of steel.
Involute splines
An effective side interference condition minimizes gear misalignment. When 2 splines are coupled with no spline misalignment, the maximum tensile root stress shifts to the left by 5 mm. A linear lead variation, which results from multiple connections along the length of the spline contact, increases the effective clearance or interference by a given percentage. This type of misalignment is undesirable for coupling high-speed equipment.
Involute splines are often used in gearboxes. These splines transmit high torque, and are better able to distribute load among multiple teeth throughout the coupling circumference. The involute profile and lead errors are related to the spacing between spline teeth and keyways. For coupling applications, industry practices use splines with 25 to 50-percent of spline teeth engaged. This load distribution is more uniform than that of conventional single-key couplings.
To determine the optimal tooth engagement for an involved spline coupling, Xiangzhen Xue and colleagues used a computer model to simulate the stress applied to the splines. The results from this study showed that a “permissible” Ruiz parameter should be used in coupling. By predicting the amount of wear and tear on a crowned spline, the researchers could accurately predict how much damage the components will sustain during the coupling process.
There are several ways to determine the optimal pressure angle for an involute spline. Involute splines are commonly measured using a pressure angle of 30 degrees. Similar to gears, involute splines are typically tested through a measurement over pins. This involves inserting specific-sized wires between gear teeth and measuring the distance between them. This method can tell whether the gear has a proper tooth profile.
The spline system shown in Figure 1 illustrates a vibration model. This simulation allows the user to understand how involute splines are used in coupling. The vibration model shows 4 concentrated mass blocks that represent the prime mover, the internal spline, and the load. It is important to note that the meshing deformation function represents the forces acting on these 3 components.
Stiffness of coupling
The calculation of stiffness of a spline coupling involves the measurement of its tooth engagement. In the following, we analyze the stiffness of a spline coupling with various types of teeth using 2 different methods. Direct inversion and blockwise inversion both reduce CPU time for stiffness calculation. However, they require evaluation submatrices. Here, we discuss the differences between these 2 methods.
The analytical model for spline couplings is derived in the second section. In the third section, the calculation process is explained in detail. We then validate this model against the FE method. Finally, we discuss the influence of stiffness nonlinearity on the rotor dynamics. Finally, we discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each method. We present a simple yet effective method for estimating the lateral stiffness of spline couplings.
The numerical calculation of the spline coupling is based on the semi-analytical spline load distribution model. This method involves refined contact grids and updating the compliance matrix at each iteration. Hence, it consumes significant computational time. Further, it is difficult to apply this method to the dynamic analysis of a rotor. This method has its own limitations and should be used only when the spline coupling is fully investigated.
The meshing force is the force generated by a misaligned spline coupling. It is related to the spline thickness and the transmitting torque of the rotor. The meshing force is also related to the dynamic vibration displacement. The result obtained from the meshing force analysis is given in Figures 7, 8, and 9.
The analysis presented in this paper aims to investigate the stiffness of spline couplings with a misaligned spline. Although the results of previous studies were accurate, some issues remained. For example, the misalignment of the spline may cause contact damages. The aim of this article is to investigate the problems associated with misaligned spline couplings and propose an analytical approach for estimating the contact pressure in a spline connection. We also compare our results to those obtained by pure numerical approaches.
Misalignment
To determine the centering force, the effective pressure angle must be known. Using the effective pressure angle, the centering force is calculated based on the maximum axial and radial loads and updated Dudley misalignment factors. The centering force is the maximum axial force that can be transmitted by friction. Several published misalignment factors are also included in the calculation. A new method is presented in this paper that considers the cam effect in the normal force.
In this new method, the stiffness along the spline joint can be integrated to obtain a global stiffness that is applicable to torsional vibration analysis. The stiffness of bearings can also be calculated at given levels of misalignment, allowing for accurate estimation of bearing dimensions. It is advisable to check the stiffness of bearings at all times to ensure that they are properly sized and aligned.
A misalignment in a spline coupling can result in wear or even failure. This is caused by an incorrectly aligned pitch profile. This problem is often overlooked, as the teeth are in contact throughout the involute profile. This causes the load to not be evenly distributed along the contact line. Consequently, it is important to consider the effect of misalignment on the contact force on the teeth of the spline coupling.
The centre of the male spline in Figure 2 is superposed on the female spline. The alignment meshing distances are also identical. Hence, the meshing force curves will change according to the dynamic vibration displacement. It is necessary to know the parameters of a spline coupling before implementing it. In this paper, the model for misalignment is presented for spline couplings and the related parameters.
Using a self-made spline coupling test rig, the effects of misalignment on a spline coupling are studied. In contrast to the typical spline coupling, misalignment in a spline coupling causes fretting wear at a specific position on the tooth surface. This is a leading cause of failure in these types of couplings.
Wear and fatigue failure
The failure of a spline coupling due to wear and fatigue is determined by the first occurrence of tooth wear and shaft misalignment. Standard design methods do not account for wear damage and assess the fatigue life with big approximations. Experimental investigations have been conducted to assess wear and fatigue damage in spline couplings. The tests were conducted on a dedicated test rig and special device connected to a standard fatigue machine. The working parameters such as torque, misalignment angle, and axial distance have been varied in order to measure fatigue damage. Over dimensioning has also been assessed.
During fatigue and wear, mechanical sliding takes place between the external and internal splines and results in catastrophic failure. The lack of literature on the wear and fatigue of spline couplings in aero-engines may be due to the lack of data on the coupling’s application. Wear and fatigue failure in splines depends on a number of factors, including the material pair, geometry, and lubrication conditions.
The analysis of spline couplings shows that over-dimensioning is common and leads to different damages in the system. Some of the major damages are wear, fretting, corrosion, and teeth fatigue. Noise problems have also been observed in industrial settings. However, it is difficult to evaluate the contact behavior of spline couplings, and numerical simulations are often hampered by the use of specific codes and the boundary element method.
The failure of a spline gear coupling was caused by fatigue, and the fracture initiated at the bottom corner radius of the keyway. The keyway and splines had been overloaded beyond their yield strength, and significant yielding was observed in the spline gear teeth. A fracture ring of non-standard alloy steel exhibited a sharp corner radius, which was a significant stress raiser.
Several components were studied to determine their life span. These components include the spline shaft, the sealing bolt, and the graphite ring. Each of these components has its own set of design parameters. However, there are similarities in the distributions of these components. Wear and fatigue failure of spline couplings can be attributed to a combination of the 3 factors. A failure mode is often defined as a non-linear distribution of stresses and strains.